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The most widely accepted idea is that garlic first formed around the Tien Shan Mountains by Kazakhstan and Kirghizstan 6000 + years ago. Vvedenskv proposed that garlic evolved from the wild species Allium longicuspus (Etoh and Plank 1996, Al-Zahim et al. 1997). This first wild garlic produced a flower or pod, a trait in common with (hardneck) varieties. However in warmer climates, with lower or no vernalization (a cold or cool temperature period) garlic seems to produce more cloves and no scapes (softnecks).

Hardneck-Porcelain Garlic

Hardneck garlic sends up a growth “the “Bulbil” from the centre of the plant commonly called "scapes, garlic flowers, stems, whips, or tops", anywhere from May to June depending on your zone. The most common practice is to remove the scape and eat it, as it is considered one of the greatest culinary garlic delicacies by cultures in the know. With removal of the scape the plant tends to refocus its energy to produce larger bulbs. One study placed the optimal time for this at 7-11 days after emergence for greatest impact on increased bulb size; some say as much as 20%. If the scapes are left on the plant to mature, the pod will produce little garlics inside called “bulbils”. These bulbils although they look like seeds, are actually little garlics that will grow vegetatively as a clone into a bulb if carefully nurtured over a period of years. The Hardneck or Porcelain garlic plant has a strong thick stalk and is the tallest of all varieties. It has 4-7 big-ass cloves that grow around the hard stem of the plant in a single layer (hence nickname “garlic on a stick”). The skin on the cloves present white to very light brown, even red or purple at times, and peels eagerly from the flesh. Rocambole plants are squatter with generally broader leaves in structure, more foliage, and fewer bulbils in the scape head. Rocambole's 7-12 cloves peel easily as well and will often present darker skin and “doubles” or 2 cloves attached together are not uncommon. On average Rocamboles can harvest up to 10 days after Hardnecks. Purple Stripe & Marbled Purples generally have more cloves than the Rocamboles, with leaves growing at angles away from stock. As the name suggests clove skin and bulb wrapper colour are more consistently purple regardless of soil type.

The cultures with the highest garlic consumption per capita are particular about flavour profiles. Koreans eat on average 50 lbs of garlic per year compared to North Americans at around 3lb. Loosely translated, their nickname "Yook Cho" for Hardneck comes out as 6 chunk garlic, or is often referred to as "cold garlic". They even began and lost a costly trade war with China to minimize softneck garlic in their market, and in spite of the lower-priced Chinese, today many Koreans still pay a premium to maintain their local Hardneck favourites.

Southeastern Europeans are passionate about Rocamboles or what they call Red Garlic. Rumor and some science say there is higher sugar content in garlic than grapes, and this would tend to support Hardnecks superior flavour claims when it is caramelized during the roasting. A 1996 study from the University of Guelph suggests that higher allicin contents are present in Hardneck varieties. This author’s bias in favour of Hardneck Garlic should becoming clearly apparent to even the least discerning reader.


Softneck Garlic

Softneck is the world’s commercial or "grocery store garlic". Some of these varieties are used almost exclusively in the main commercial areas of garlic production China, (approx. 80% of world’s production), Asia, California, Mexico, and Argentina and to a lesser extent Western Europe. The clove count will vary from 9 to the far side of 20 depending on latitude, altitude and climate. With clove per bulb ratio so high and arguably better adaptability to a variety of growing areas, its superior volume per acre/hectare capabilities have made it the first choice for agribusiness.

The clove configurations and bulb shape on the Artichoke varieties are most often irregular, with up to as many as 4 clove layers before the centre. The outside cloves are plump and larger, and each layer to the centre generally elongates, and becomes smaller. The skin adherence to the flesh of the clove can make it some of the hardest garlic to peel. The plant will have more leaves, and in general be a little shorter than Silverskin varieties. Silverskin may end up with two more clove layers than artichoke, with the cloves generally expressing themselves flatter and more uniform on the outside layer. The plant is more often lighter in colour, taller, with a tendency to harvest later than artichoke. As the name suggests these are varieties are the easiest to braid because of the softneck.

Softneck do not generally produce a Bulbil or scape, however on average when grown in colder climates, fewer cloves are manifested, and it is more likely the softneck will adapt by sending up a Bulbil or scape for that season at least.



Storability

I often see this used as a feature descriptive of a variety or strain. The factors for storage that I see as being salient are:
Handling during the harvest and after. Garlic is like an apple in that if it is dropped or knocked together to get the dirt off, it will develop a bruise, and the breakdown or deterioration of the bulb will begin by the entrance of disease vectors present in soil or in the garlic.
Then the age or number of cycles of re-plantings the garlic is at. Has the seed been replenished from relatively clean source like bulbils, or has it been replanted year after year in the same fields.

Braids as well tend to last longer as the stock remaining attached seems to prolong nourishment to the bulb.

In Hardneck varieties some claim leaving the scape on adds to storage time.

Finally temperature, if garlic is kept at a constant temperature above the vernalization trigger this is likely to keep it dormant and from breaking down so quickly. Conversely, in some large commercial facilities garlic is kept at 27.6 F with a relative humidity of around 70% and is able to be held for 12-13 months, and with controlled atmosphere even longer time periods are achieved. So some strains may indeed keep longer than others, but the above factors bear important consideration.



Heat and Flavour

Yes Virginia there are varietal differences. I have been at garlic functions where a wide variety of testers, all red faced and dripping with sweat after sampling numerous different raw garlic, then proceed to give diametrically opposed opinions between varieties as to heat and flavour characteristics. Other factors affecting taste that bear some consideration are soil type, latitude, altitude and husbandry.

For my palate, flavour (distinct from heat) is most distinguishable in Hardneck or Old world garlic, heat in the Rocamboles, and the greatest variability (from acrid to mild) is with Softnecks depending on growing conditions.

For the “Full Garlic Monty” on varieties you would do well to check out bignewsforgarlic.com. Follow links to:
http://www.bignewsforgarlic.com/science/garlic_genetics.php

 

 

 

 

MUSIC
Hardneck

This has been the most reliable variety year after year, across Ontario and Quebec, and easily makes up the largest portion of garlic planted in this region. On average 4-6 Big Ass Cloves. This is the variety that is the most sought after from northern cultures (Koreans). Skin Colours white to pink depending on soil.
      2-pac       
      1 lb       
      5 lb       

GERMAN WHITE -
GERMAN EXTRA HEARTY
Hardneck

Very popular in the American NE. Good size generally may manifest 1 more clove than Music on average. On average less colour variants and whiter skins.
      2-pac       
      1 lb       

SIBERIAN
Hardneck

Manifests very similar to Music and German E Hearty. but distinguished as a taller plant, with clove shapes more uniform. Have had some formidable results.
      2-pac       
      1 lb       

PITERELLI
Rocambole

The bulb is slightly squatter than Legacy, with more layers manifesting the purple colouring more pronounced and darker. Czech origin. Good heat.
      2-pac       
      1 lb       

LEGACY
Rocambole

Found growing wild on a farm near Blyth, Ontario. This garlic is prized by eastern Europeans looking for red garlic. 7-12 cloves on average, with more than enough heat for most palates. Many happy planters are growing a bit more every year.
      2-pac       
      1 lb       
      5 lb       

GERMAN RED
Rocambole

This Rocambole origins and colour is self explanatory. It is vigorous and manifests double cloves on a regular basis. Strong, hot spicy flavour.
      1 lb       
      2-pac       

BOGATYR
Purple Stripe

A winter hearty marble purple stripe. These bulbs produce fewest of rocambole, similar to a porcelain in clove numbers, with wrappers purple-covered, and flavour rich bite.
      2-pac       
      1 lb       

INCHELLIUM
Softneck - Silverskin

Another robust cold hearty softneck. Generally good size with good flavouring. Four to five clove layers with 8 to 20 cloves.
      2-pac       
      1 lb       

TRANSYLVANIAN
Softneck - Artichoke

Origin stated to be in the Transylvanian mountains. (Ergo thoughtful handle) Good size bulbs acclimatized to northern winters. Some pink on bulb wrappers. Up to 16 cloves.
      2-pac       
      1 lb       

SILVER WHITE
Softneck - Silverskin

Started originally as California Late and has adapted well to northern climate over the years. Decent braiding garlic.
      2-pac       
      1 lb       

FRENCH WHITE
Softneck - Artichoke

On average a larger artichoke with a long history. Cold winters are not a problem. The skin covers are a dirty white with 9 to 16 cloves on average.
      2-pac       
      1 lb       

THE LONELY LEEK
ELEPHANT GARLIC
Leek

A mild garlic taste & reek - but actually it is a leek! Plant a little deeper in raised beds for sure. Known for roasting, and great eating for tamer allum palates. Quite enjoyable to grow something that big.
      2-pac       
      1 lb       
      5 lb       

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