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The most widely accepted idea is that garlic first formed around the
Tien Shan Mountains by Kazakhstan and Kirghizstan 6000 + years ago.
Vvedenskv proposed that garlic evolved from the wild species Allium
longicuspus (Etoh and Plank 1996, Al-Zahim et al. 1997). This first wild
garlic produced a flower or pod, a trait in common with (hardneck)
varieties. However in warmer climates, with lower or no vernalization
(a cold or cool temperature period) garlic seems to produce more cloves
and no scapes (softnecks).
Hardneck-Porcelain Garlic
Hardneck garlic sends up a growth “the “Bulbil” from the centre of the
plant commonly called "scapes, garlic flowers, stems, whips, or tops",
anywhere from May to June depending on your zone. The most
common practice is to remove the scape and eat it, as it is considered
one of the greatest culinary garlic delicacies by cultures in the know.
With removal of the scape the plant tends to refocus its energy to
produce larger bulbs. One study placed the optimal time for this at 7-11
days after emergence for greatest impact on increased bulb size; some
say as much as 20%. If the scapes are left on the plant to mature, the
pod will produce little garlics inside called “bulbils”. These bulbils
although they look like seeds, are actually little garlics that will grow
vegetatively as a clone into a bulb if carefully nurtured over a period of
years. The Hardneck or Porcelain garlic plant has a strong thick stalk and
is the tallest of all varieties. It has 4-7 big-ass cloves that grow around
the hard stem of the plant in a single layer (hence nickname “garlic on a
stick”). The skin on the cloves present white to very light brown, even
red or purple at times, and peels eagerly from the flesh. Rocambole
plants are squatter with generally broader leaves in structure, more
foliage, and fewer bulbils in the scape head. Rocambole's 7-12 cloves
peel easily as well and will often present darker skin and “doubles” or 2
cloves attached together are not uncommon. On average Rocamboles
can harvest up to 10 days after Hardnecks. Purple Stripe & Marbled
Purples generally have more cloves than the Rocamboles, with leaves
growing at angles away from stock. As the name suggests clove skin
and bulb wrapper colour are more consistently purple regardless of soil
type.
The cultures with the highest garlic consumption per capita are particular
about flavour profiles. Koreans eat on average 50 lbs of garlic per
year compared to North Americans at around 3lb. Loosely translated,
their nickname "Yook Cho" for Hardneck comes out as 6 chunk garlic, or
is often referred to as "cold garlic". They even began and lost a costly
trade war with China to minimize softneck garlic in their market, and in
spite of the lower-priced Chinese, today many Koreans still pay a
premium to maintain their local Hardneck favourites.
Southeastern Europeans are passionate about Rocamboles or what they
call Red Garlic. Rumor and some science say there is higher sugar
content in garlic than grapes, and this would tend to support Hardnecks
superior flavour claims when it is caramelized during the roasting. A
1996 study from the University of Guelph suggests that higher allicin
contents are present in Hardneck varieties. This author’s bias in favour
of Hardneck Garlic should becoming clearly apparent to even the least
discerning reader.
Softneck Garlic
Softneck is the world’s commercial or "grocery store garlic". Some of
these varieties are used almost exclusively in the main commercial
areas of garlic production China, (approx. 80% of world’s production),
Asia, California, Mexico, and Argentina and to a lesser extent Western
Europe. The clove count will vary from 9 to the far side of 20 depending
on latitude, altitude and climate. With clove per bulb ratio so high and
arguably better adaptability to a variety of growing areas, its superior
volume per acre/hectare capabilities have made it the first choice for
agribusiness.
The clove configurations and bulb shape on the Artichoke varieties are
most often irregular, with up to as many as 4 clove layers before the
centre. The outside cloves are plump and larger, and each layer to the
centre generally elongates, and becomes smaller. The skin adherence to
the flesh of the clove can make it some of the hardest garlic to peel. The
plant will have more leaves, and in general be a little shorter than
Silverskin varieties. Silverskin may end up with two more clove layers
than artichoke, with the cloves generally expressing themselves flatter
and more uniform on the outside layer. The plant is more often lighter
in colour, taller, with a tendency to harvest later than artichoke. As the
name suggests these are varieties are the easiest to braid because of
the softneck.
Softneck do not generally produce a Bulbil or scape, however on average
when grown in colder climates, fewer cloves are manifested, and it is
more likely the softneck will adapt by sending up a Bulbil or scape for
that season at least.
Storability
I often see this used as a feature descriptive of a variety or strain. The
factors for storage that I see as being salient are:
Handling during the harvest and after. Garlic is like an apple in that if it
is dropped or knocked together to get the dirt off, it will develop a
bruise, and the breakdown or deterioration of the bulb will begin by the
entrance of disease vectors present in soil or in the garlic.
Then the age or number of cycles of re-plantings the garlic is at. Has the
seed been replenished from relatively clean source like bulbils, or has it
been replanted year after year in the same fields.
Braids as well tend to last longer as the stock remaining attached
seems to prolong nourishment to the bulb.
In Hardneck varieties some claim leaving the scape on adds to storage
time.
Finally temperature, if garlic is kept at a constant temperature above
the vernalization trigger this is likely to keep it dormant and from
breaking down so quickly. Conversely, in some large commercial facilities
garlic is kept at 27.6 F with a relative humidity of around 70% and is
able to be held for 12-13 months, and with controlled atmosphere even
longer time periods are achieved. So some strains may indeed keep
longer than others, but the above factors bear important consideration.
Heat and Flavour
Yes Virginia there are varietal differences. I have been at garlic functions
where a wide variety of testers, all red faced and dripping with sweat
after sampling numerous different raw garlic, then proceed to give
diametrically opposed opinions between varieties as to heat and
flavour characteristics. Other factors affecting taste that bear some
consideration are soil type, latitude, altitude and husbandry.
For my palate, flavour (distinct from heat) is most distinguishable in
Hardneck or Old world garlic, heat in the Rocamboles, and the greatest
variability (from acrid to mild) is with Softnecks depending on growing
conditions.
For the “Full Garlic Monty” on varieties you would do well to check out
bignewsforgarlic.com. Follow links to:
http://www.bignewsforgarlic.com/science/garlic_genetics.php
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MUSIC Hardneck
This has been the most
reliable variety year after year,
across Ontario and Quebec,
and easily makes up the
largest portion of garlic
planted in this region. On
average 4-6 Big Ass Cloves.
This is the variety that is the
most sought after from
northern cultures (Koreans).
Skin Colours white to pink
depending on soil.
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GERMAN WHITE -
GERMAN EXTRA HEARTY
Hardneck
Very popular in the American
NE. Good size generally may
manifest 1 more clove than
Music on average. On average
less colour variants and whiter
skins.
| 2-pac |
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| 1 lb |
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SIBERIAN
Hardneck
Manifests very similar to
Music and German E Hearty.
but distinguished as a taller
plant, with clove shapes more
uniform. Have had some
formidable results.
| 2-pac |
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| 1 lb |
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PITERELLI Rocambole
The bulb is slightly squatter
than Legacy, with more layers
manifesting the purple
colouring more pronounced
and darker. Czech origin. Good
heat.
| 2-pac |
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| 1 lb |
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LEGACY Rocambole
Found growing wild on a farm
near Blyth, Ontario. This garlic
is prized by eastern Europeans
looking for red garlic. 7-12
cloves on average, with more
than enough heat for most
palates. Many happy planters
are growing a bit more every
year.
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GERMAN RED Rocambole
This Rocambole origins and
colour is self explanatory. It is
vigorous and manifests double
cloves on a regular basis.
Strong, hot spicy flavour.
| 1 lb |
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| 2-pac |
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BOGATYR Purple Stripe
A winter hearty marble purple
stripe. These bulbs produce
fewest of rocambole, similar to
a porcelain in clove numbers,
with wrappers purple-covered,
and flavour rich bite.
| 2-pac |
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| 1 lb |
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INCHELLIUM Softneck - Silverskin
Another robust cold hearty
softneck. Generally good size
with good flavouring. Four to
five clove layers with 8 to 20
cloves.
| 2-pac |
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| 1 lb |
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TRANSYLVANIAN Softneck - Artichoke
Origin stated to be in the
Transylvanian mountains.
(Ergo thoughtful handle) Good
size bulbs acclimatized to
northern winters. Some pink
on bulb wrappers. Up to 16
cloves.
| 2-pac |
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| 1 lb |
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SILVER WHITE Softneck - Silverskin
Started originally as California
Late and has adapted well to
northern climate over the
years. Decent braiding garlic.
| 2-pac |
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| 1 lb |
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FRENCH WHITE Softneck - Artichoke
On average a larger artichoke
with a long history. Cold
winters are not a problem. The
skin covers are a dirty white
with 9 to 16 cloves on average.
| 2-pac |
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| 1 lb |
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THE LONELY LEEK
ELEPHANT GARLIC Leek
A mild garlic taste & reek - but
actually it is a leek! Plant a
little deeper in raised beds for
sure. Known for roasting, and
great eating for tamer allum
palates. Quite enjoyable to
grow something that big.
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